Three exotic insect pests threaten the economic and environmental well-being of Missouri's 15 million acres of forest.

The European gypsy moth, the emerald ash borer and the walnut twig beetle aren't established yet in Missouri, but they are headed our way. And they could wreak havoc on great numbers of trees. Most experts believe that attack by these pests is inevitable, according to Perry Eckhardt, urban forester, with the Missouri Department of Conservation. State and federal agencies have extensive programs in place to monitor appearances of these pests and to try to combat them if they establish footholds.

European Gypsy Moth

Missouri is like the bulls-eye on a target for European gypsy moths. According to Rob Lawrence, an entomologist at the Department of Conservation, oak is their favorite of all the approximately 300 woody plants they eat. And Missouri has more forests with a higher percentage of oaks than any place in the United States.

Originally imported to Massachusetts in the late 1860s as a possible commercial silkworm, the gypsy moth has spread over the entire northeast, and has now reached northeastern Illinois and Iowa.

It is the caterpillar that does the damage. Emerging from their egg masses in early spring and, responding to light, the caterpillars climb to the top of the trees. During a two-month larval life, each caterpillar can eat about a square yard of leaves. Considering that one egg mass can hatch up to 1,000 very hungry caterpillars, it is easy to see how trees can become defoliated. In 1981, gypsy moth larvae defoliated 12.9 million acres of forest, according to a U.S. Forest Service publication.

A healthy hardwood tree can survive one or two complete defoliations, but it will die with repeated assaults. Some oak species in the state, such as the red oaks that replaced pines logged in the early 20th century, are not especially hardy in this area and would succumb quickly.

The adult female of this species doesn't even fly, but spends its adult life emitting sexual pheromones (airborne hormones) to attract males and thus fulfill its reproductive destiny.

Since the female can't travel and eggs don't move, how has the European gypsy moth spread across the northeastern United States?

First, the hair-covered larvae can "fly." They spin a silk thread and dangle on the high branches of the trees. Winds can disperse them up to a mile. On a new tree, they can feed, pupate and emerge as an adult. If that adult is a female, and lays eggs on the tree, a new site of infestation is born.

Second, females lay eggs on any surface, including the undersides of trucks and campers. The highways can then bring egg masses to new locations.

Because the potential for destruction is so high, six agencies in the state -- including the Army and National Guard -- cooperate to monitor for any new infestation. Each year, they hang 6,000-10,000 triangular orange cardboard boxes baited with pheromones to attract gypsy moths. The males can't resist it. (Note: Gardeners who have trapped Japanese beetles with sex pheromone traps will recognize the power of those airborne molecules.)

The monitors greatly increase the density of traps in any location where a gypsy moth male has been discovered. So far, the moth has not taken a foothold in Missouri. If a population is established in the future, however, the invasive pest control experts know what to do.

The pheromone is commercially available and can be formulated into tiny flakes or creams that can be spread around the forest. The males will become overstimulated and disoriented and not able to find a real female moth. This technique, called mating disruption, works best when populations are building.

Eventually, gypsy moth population explosions slow down because of factors like a fungus that kills them. But during the explosion phase, they can do great harm.

Emerald Ash Borer

Oaks will survive the gypsy moth, but a new insect arrival from Asia has the potential to destroy an entire genus, the ash tree. Since the first emerald ash borer in the U.S. was identified in 2002, it has caused the destruction of millions of green, white and black ash trees. It apparently came in packing crates shipped to the Great Lakes area and has been spreading rapidly from there.

Wayne County, Mo., near Lake Wappapello has already been attacked, and the insect has been identified 75 miles from St. Louis in Salem, Ill.

The half-inch long beetle with big eyes lays its eggs in the crevices of ash tree bark. When the larvae hatch they burrow under the bark and eat the underlying tubes that carry water and nutrients up and down the tree. Eventually the tree starves to death.

This beetle can fly up to one-half mile to a new tree, but forest entomologists think a major reason way it is spread is on firewood transported from site to site.

Ash comprises only 3 percent of Missouri's forests. But because of its beauty, it has been used extensively in urban plantings. In some neighborhoods, the ash tree comprises 80 percent of the plantings.

According to Tom Bradley of the National Park Service, the Arch grounds have 1,000 ash trees, half of its tree population. The Park Service is investigating eight to 10 other hardy trees for a replacement if the ash borer makes that necessary.

Loss of urban trees has a major effect on property values. Tree removal and replacement is costly. There is an environmental impact as well: carbon dioxide uptake is reduced and fewer trees reduce the shade effects on heating and cooling.

According to Daniel Weinbach, a landscape architect in Chicago, the ash borer has already destroyed thousands of trees in that area. Most local governments have outlawed the planting of ash, nurseries have had to destroy their stock and ash wood products cannot be sold to other states.

The tools for dealing with this recently arrived pest are not nearly as well developed as those for gypsy moths. No sex pheromone is commercially available, so the purple "Barney traps" used to track the spread of the emerald ash borer are baited with oil that imitates the odors of stressed ash trees. Food is not as strong an attractant as sex, so the traps are correspondingly less sensitive.

Without the solution of mating disruption, methods to limit infestations usually involve destroying the tree. Foresters deliberately create clusters of stressed trees by removing a foot-wide ring of bark. Since the ash borer prefers to attack trees that are already stressed, many eggs will be laid in these magnet trees, which are then burned over the winter to kill their insect residents. Imposed quarantines are the other primary tool to slow down the spread.

Experiments with tiny parasitic wasps on the green beetles have begun in other states, including Illinois.

Thousand Cankers Disease

Thousand cankers disease, discovered in 2008, is converging on Missouri from both east and west. It has the potential to eradicate the black walnut tree, which is economically important for both its nutmeat and its timber, used for fine woodworking. In fact, a recent study estimates that the destruction of black walnut trees would mean about $850 million lost in Missouri over 20 years.

As with Dutch elm disease, the killer is a fungus that lives on the body surface of a beetle, the walnut twig beetle. When this tiny beetle tunnels under the bark to lay its eggs, some of the fungus rubs off and begins to form sores called cankers. The larvae feed on the tree's interior, pupate there and when the new adults emerge, they are covered with fungus.

Tiny is the operative word, according to Collin Wamsley, state entomologist of the Missouri Department of Agriculture. The insect is the size of the "i" in the word "liberty" on a dime. Tens of thousands can infest a tree, and each will create a canker. Because the beetles and the lesions they create are so small, it takes several years for the symptoms to occur.

The disease seems to have started in the southwest, where the native Arizona walnuts tolerate the insect and its fungus. However, black walnut trees are quite susceptible.

The insect has been carried to three eastern states where the black walnut is native, probably along with lumber to be used in woodworking.

Because thousand cankers is such a new threat, sophisticated monitors and treatments are just being developed. The conservation department is visually surveying high-risk locations such as campsites and near lumber mills. They look for black walnut trees with wilting leaves, excessive dieback in the upper canopy and lots of low vigorous shoots that the trees send out trying to compensate for upper canopy loss.

Next year the state Department of Conservation hopes to have some pheromone traps for better monitoring. The canker-attracting pheromone signals insects of the species to aggregate. It is expected to draw on-the-move insects for early detection of the disease.

Buy Locally, Burn Locally

Conservation and agriculture agencies across the country are trying to get out a simple message: buy locally and burn locally. Never buy firewood from more than 50 miles away, never transport it more than 50 miles, and burn all you have. Firewood from diseased trees is thought to be the main culprit in letting these insect pests hitchhike to new locations.